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What are Graphic Organizers?

A graphic organizer is a visual communication tool that uses visual symbols to express ideas and concepts, to convey meaning. A graphic organizer often depicts the relationships between facts, terms, and or ideas within a learning task. It is often referred to as a "map" because it can help teachers and students "map out" their ideas in a visual manner. There are many similar names for graphic organizers including: knowledge maps, concept maps, story maps, cognitive organizers, advance organizers, or concept diagrams.

What is its purpose?

The main purpose of a graphic organizer is to provide a visual aid to facilitate learning and instruction. Most graphic organizers form a powerful visual picture of information and allow the mind 'to see' undiscovered patterns and relationships. Although they have been applied across a range of curriculum subject areas, reading is by far the most well practiced application. Science, social studies, language arts, and math are more recent areas in which graphic organizers are being applied.

How do I do it?

In 1992, Jay McTighe in his book Graphic Organizers: Collaborative Links to Better Thinking outlined three main ways teachers may use graphic organizers in their teaching and a number of ways that students can use them to aid in the learning process.

Before instruction, teachers may use a graphic organizer to attempt to provide structure for the presentation of new material while indicating relations between ideas. Teachers can elicit information from students by creating a graphic organizer on the blackboard to get an accurate idea of students’ prior knowledge
During instruction, graphic organizers can help students to actively isolate, process and reorganize key information. This is because graphic organizers allow students to approach subjects cognitively because they assist thinking. The student must take an active role in learning while processing and reorganizing information. Modifying an organized structure of information gives students an opportunity to learn from their own mistakes. It also allows students to construct maps that are appropriate to their individual learning styles.
After instruction, students can construct their own organizers using the full text to isolate and organize key concepts. This summarization technique is a tool to see if students can interpret what was being taught and state it in concise, accurate terms. Post-instruction graphic organizers also encourage elaboration. If a student can connect prior knowledge with what was learned and identify relationships between those ideas, they are actively learning.
When introducing students to a new graphic organizer, you should describe its purpose, model its use, and provide students with opportunities for guided practice. Once students become comfortable with using the organizer, more independent applications are appropriate. In the end, you should encourage and assist students to create their own organizers.

How can I adapt it?

Early Childhood Adaptations

Teaching children about animals and helping them classify the animals
Explaining the connections between characters in a story
Developing language skills by including pictures along with the words within the graphic organizer to explain a certain concept

Elementary Adaptations

Helping children remember or understand the specific parts of a story
Using phonological awareness activities, teaching the children how and when to spell the various /s/ sounds, for example.
Helping children remember the provinces and capitals and where they are located in Canada. For example – the Maritime Provinces, the Eastern Provinces, the Western Provinces.

Middle Years Adaptations

Illustrating Science concepts, such as how and when various types of clouds form
Understanding history concepts, such as the key issues leading to the Civil War.
Associating the instruments in an orchestra with the particular section that instrument might be in. One section of the graphic organizer might be entitled “woodwind instruments,” with the specific instruments noted.

Assessment and Evaluation Considerations

The way that you evaluate graphic organizers depends a great deal on the graphic organizer being evaluated. A generic rubric for evaluating student and teacher made graphic organizers might be a useful tool for evaluating the effectives of a specific graphic organizer type.

If you wish to evaluate the effect that using a specific graphic organizer had in students reaching a learning goal or objective, then other assessment tools and techniques will be needed.

"Graphic organizers actually have the power and potential to enhance the learning ability of students in all age groups. Because the use of visual learning tools is becoming widespread, the introduction of graphic organizers from an early age has been pushed as a means of facilitating familiarity with these extremely effective tools as early as possible."

"Graphic organizers can be used to allow students to structure the most essential ideas while simultaneously removing any non-essential ideas from the playing field. Both comprehension skills and vocabulary knowledge have also been proven to increase at a significant rate after using these powerful tools for visual learning."

http://www.worksheetlibrary.com/teachingtips/usinggraphicorganizers.html

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Teaching Tip: Jim Burke on using graphic organizers

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